The Stages of High Performance Teams

In Teamwork
September 16, 2025
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The Stages of High Performance Teams: Understanding Tuckman’s Model

Teams are an essential part of organizational success, but as you may know from experience, a newly formed team rarely performs at its best immediately. Team development is a process that takes time and typically follows recognizable stages, transforming a group of strangers into a cohesive, high-performing team united by common goals.

Psychologist Bruce Tuckman introduced a widely accepted framework in 1965, famously known as “Forming, Storming, Norming, and Performing.” Later, he added a fifth stage called “Adjourning.” This model describes the path most teams take to achieve high performance.

The Five Stages of Team Development

The following table summarizes Tuckman’s model:

Stage	Key Characteristics	Description
Forming	Orientation & dependency	Team members are introduced, roles are unclear, and members rely heavily on leadership for direction. They are testing acceptable behaviors.
Storming	Conflict & resistance	Members challenge roles, experience conflicts over ideas and control, and tensions arise as they push for influence.
Norming	Cohesion & collaboration	Trust develops, team norms are established, and members begin working collaboratively toward shared goals.
Performing	Productivity & effectiveness	The team functions efficiently with high trust and strong collaboration, focusing on task completion.
Adjourning	Closure & reflection	For temporary teams, tasks are completed, achievements are celebrated, and members prepare to disband.

Why Tuckman’s Model Matters

Clarifies team dynamics: Helps leaders understand the challenges and behaviors typical of each stage.
Boosts team effectiveness: Guides teams through conflicts toward smooth collaboration and productivity.
Improves leadership focus: Allows leaders to adapt their style to meet the team’s needs at each stage—from directing to delegating.
Drives high performance: Teams that successfully navigate these stages deliver stronger results, innovation, and employee satisfaction.

Final Thoughts

Every group has the potential to become a high-performance team, but success requires understanding and guiding natural team dynamics. By applying Tuckman’s model, leaders can help their teams move smoothly through forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning—unlocking the true power of collaboration and driving lasting success.